The horizon is not so far as we can see, but as far as we can imagine

The Most Important Climate Change Graph You’ll Ever See

This is why we won’t be stopping climate change, and why you must personally plan for it.

We are not going to start mitigating at 5 percent this year.

We are not going to start mitigating at 9 percent in 2029.

These are political non-starters. They will not happen. For whatever reason, probably because most decision makers are old and will die before the worst, and the rest are rich and think that their money will protect them, we have not and will not do what is needed until there is widespread catastrophe: Catastrophe which kills millions in the developed world and China.

And maybe not even then.


(I am fundraising to determine how much I’ll write this year. If you value my writing and want more of it, please consider donating.)


If you are not yourself old, and likely to die in the next ten to 20 years, or if you have dependents you wish to protect, you need to take this seriously and make plans.

As part of my recent essay collection, I wrote two new essays. One of them was a long article on how to evaluate your risk from future events, including climate change.

That essay starts on page 146, and if you read no other essays in the book, I’d appreciate it if you read that one.

You can get the book, in PDF or Epub format, here.

Even if you have little money, there are preparations and precautions you can make.

Start thinking about this now; start preparing now, because if you just react when catastrophe hits, your odds of surviving or avoiding the worst suffering go way down.

Start preparing also because when catastrophe hits, it is likely to do so by surprise and sooner than most mainstream estimates. The systems in question are not linear and we don’t properly understand all the feedback loops. It is very likely that there will be a point where change becomes geometric.

So, please, read and prepare (or just prepare).

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27 Comments

  1. 450.org

    Here’s an excellent Netflix 10 episode documentary related to this topic for anyone interested. I can’t recommend it enough. It’s evocative food for thought and the visuals are stunning. It’s so well done in every conceivable way. I would have loved to have seen it, or would love to see it, on IMAX.

    The Polar Sea

    So many discussions can be rendered from this documentary. One such discussion is how the Northwest Passage is now becoming a popular tourist designation for the jet set who enjoy watching the long emergency play itself out all the while denying man has any hand in it. In fact, in the documentary, they discuss how the Northwest Passage is now the new Everest for those who have the means to self-actualize amidst the carnage.

  2. Ivory Bill Woodpecker

    Well, the boffins have their work cut out for them, although one does wish the crapitalists would quit making the boffins’ work so much harder.

  3. I’d like to share an idea I had years ago, for which I’d love to implement the programming side of things, but a) never did b) it’s not been a top priority and c) I haven’t been doing any coding, at all for half a year, and probably won’t for at least a few months.

    So, have at it, anybody so inclined

    In the suburb of Newark that I grew up in, my next door neighbor had a huge yard. Even our much smaller back yard had enough space for a significant garden.

    Meanwhile, unemployment of black youth is and has been pretty bad since the 1950’s, I believe, as Thomas Sowell likes to remind us (at which time, it was lower than for white youth). Restaurant jobs are important “gateway jobs”, and I remember that a chain restaurant I worked in, in another Newark suburb, used to actually go to Newark to pick up black kids/young people and give rides to and from work. That was before we became inundated with Latino immigrants, and I doubt that that restaurant would do the same thing, today, if it was still in business. It wouldn’t have to. (Also, uber and lyft rides are pretty cheap.)

    That’s bad news for black kids in Newark.

    So…. why not run vans out of Newark, which go to suburban homes and grow organic gardens? Put more of those suburb lawns to use? The produce could be split between the home and the gardening service. Selling the produce would be used to pay for the kids’ labor. In the current economy, gardening skills aren’t critical, but if food supply chains break down, that would change. So, besides the benefit of supplying gateway jobs to kids who otherwise may not get them, plus giving them some scratch to pursue other job strategies, a trained labor force of ex-kids who know how to raise food would save lives, and provide some social cohesion, in the event of the sort of catastrophes being predicted. (IMNSHO, America no longer has the moral backbone to suffer severe poverty without widespread theft and chaos.)

    The original purpose of “summer vacation” from school in the US was to help with farming chores. Time to go back to the future?

  4. Joan

    @metamars,

    I really like your idea. One thing that came to mind is the need for skilled gardeners to oversee the beds and train the youth. For example, if a garden bed is cared for by a different youth each day, then an infestation or disease might not get noticed before it gets out of hand. That’s also something that is critical to community gardens. The community garden has to be under the control of a head gardener who manages what gets planted, at least to the extent of balancing the immune system of the overall plot. I have a friend who does gardening consulting; she visits people in their homes and takes a look at things, diagnoses problems, etc.

  5. Joan

    @Ian,

    Besides access to fresh water, what other criteria would you use to judge safe places to live or move to, for those of us who are young?

  6. different clue

    At this point, every possible idea deserves to be expressed and considered.

    I hope this post and others like it would be used as opportunities by commenters to offer links to sites or blogs or other internet-points or books or pamphlets or papers or magazines or live meatspace groups and etc. which offer various specific actual actionable information for mitigation or survival or etc.

    Since Ian Welsh’s posts specialize in the deep thinking about “why” to do this, it will have to be up to commenters to offer the shallower actionable information about “how” to do this. And this particular family of posts seem to be the best place for offering comments about and/or links to this sort of actionable information.

    Actionable information like this, for example: Painted Mountain Corn. A corn whose breeder bred it with Global Warming Climate D’Chaos Decay specifically in mind.
    https://rockymountaincorn.com/

  7. Joan

    @Ian,

    Sorry, just to clarify: I have read the article, and understand evaluating political stability is important after fresh water. I’m just wondering what you think the political situation of the future will look like, assuming one is young enough to move and start over with community ties. Would a fresh water lake community in North America be safer than the same in Europe, for example?

  8. different clue

    Ooh! Ooh!

    I have an idea!

    What if some corn breeders were to take the most hardy and toughest strains of Painted Mountain Corn and further hybrididdelize with all the different Hot Desert Corns? Like chapalote, Hopi Blue, Hopi Pink, and other desert corns findable from Native Seed Search?
    https://www.nativeseeds.org/

    Maybe such breeders could develop a Painted Mountain Desert Corn for even more adaptablility for people living where Climate Chaos Weather Decay brings siberian cold one year, Death Valley heat another year, and other stuff on other years.

    Here is a seed breeder seller who is developing his own “landraces” of highly adapted crops.
    A link to his company exists at the very bottom of this tiny little short article.
    https://permies.com/t/73551/Landrace-seeds-Joseph-Lofthouse

  9. Willy

    Besides employing inner city kids in large backyard gardens (hopefully not cash crops like cotton or opioids), one can install solar roofing panels and CO2 sucking machines. Those things might be too late to do much, but the appearance of them could help make the angry eco-mobs move on to other targets. Of course your inner city garden workers might turn on you anyways. So there’s that. One then hopes you’ve got a crazed gun-nut neighbor who’ll take a WTF#%! attitude and just start shooting at anything “dark”.

    I’m wondering what the most likely effects could be in Canada.

  10. anon y'mouse

    some terms to throw out into the search engine maw of your preference:

    passive solar
    geothermal
    greenhouse
    primitive skills
    permaculture
    composting (of yes, even human waste is supposedly possible)
    rainwater harvesting (going to be vital even in the snow zone areas, since droughts will come unpredictably and because flash flooding doesn’t help much with the needs of plants and animals for fresh, clean water).
    to a lesser extent, greywater

    the issues are: water, food, shelter. probably in that order. and always, undeniably, waste.

    truthfully, i wish that the Amish interacted with the rest of the world. we have a lot to learn from them.

    as for social organization: it makes sense to organize those you know and love. the problem is, those you know and love often do not understand these issues, and do not believe in the necessity to address these issues. life goes on “as normal” to them, and they see no point in anything that doesn’t help them get through the all-too-tough modern world they are living through. so, getting them on-board to be prepared about the future? even my ex-husband thought i was insane for wanting to move to the country and start learning self-sufficiency.

  11. Dan

    Don’t sweat it. Oxygen production will end as the seas and trees die. We’ll all go extinct with our heads wrapped in the big plastic bag we built.

    You people talking about garden and permaculture…in a country awash with guns no less…!! Your expectations are a bit out of whack.

  12. Tom

    All you can do is make sure you have skills useful to the petty warlords that will rise up in the wake of Government Collapse. When the collapse comes, it is those with guns and organizational skills that will dominate.

    Otherwise start raising an Army yourself.

  13. Bill Hicks

    No worries: it was just disclosed that Biden’s climate adviser has taken over a $1 million in payments from the fracking industry. But it’s “the politics we have,” right? So we’re supposed to just vote for him even though he’ll kill us just as quickly as Trump will, because: reasons.

  14. MojaveWolf

    Great post; great comments.

    I fear Ian understates just how bad it is likely to get, and hope we get people in charge who take this seriously before too late (ideally, as seriously as it needs to be–Bernie & Tulsi in the US take it seriously, I just hope they take it seriously enough).

    If not, hopefully the best case disaster projections are right and the more likely looking ones are wrong.

  15. Hugh

    I agree it will be this way. There is no consensus, no coherent plan. It takes years to develop these things, even in highly developed countries. Effective, organized action isn’t even possible in much of the world. As someone once said, it doesn’t have to be this way, but it will.

  16. Herman

    I don’t know what to think about the whole prepper thing. On the one hand, it can’t hurt to learn some basic survival skills like growing food, basic repair and maintenance skills and first aid. But on the other hand a lot of prepper culture is driven by a kind of weird revenge fantasy where nobodies dream of collapse so that they can emerge from the rubble as warlords with harems because they stockpiled guns, food and other necessities.

    In a true collapse scenario those who stockpiled supplies will likely be targets of roving gangs and no amount of Rambo training for yourself and your nuclear family will save you if you become the target of a roving army of bikers or whatever. Having a “tribe” is probably the most important factor in survival. There is power in numbers.

    That being said, I don’t think our future is going to be like Mad Max. I doubt there will be total governmental collapse. Modern states, at least within the developed world, are very powerful, much more so than pre-modern states like the Roman Empire. The more likely scenario is some kind of authoritarianism that will attempt to utilize advanced technology to manage any chaos. Think more cyberpunk dystopia than anarchy.

    I think this is why so much emphasis is being put on robots, surveillance, AI, virtual reality, biotechnology and psychoactive drugs. Keep the people in line with carrots (drugs, virtual reality and other forms of entertainment) and sticks (drones, surveillance and robot armies) in the hope that the “useless” population will just quietly die off in their dingy apartments leaving whatever is left of the world to the so-called meritocrats. Hopefully environmental and economic pressures will prevent this future from coming about and we (as in humanity) can deal with our problems before it is too late.

  17. MojaveWolf

    Having now read Ian’s essay that he asks people to read up above, let me add to his recommendation. It is indeed an excellent essay.

    With the caveat that it’s assuming we still have a functional biosphere capable of supporting large numbers of mammalian life, which, well, again, I hope someone starts doing something soon.

    I like the flora & fauna, the mammals & the birds and the bees and the flowers and the trees and all the little fishies in the deep blue sea. We need to save them insofar as we still can.

  18. Tom

    Herman,

    A systemic collapse precludes a cyber punk dystopia. We will descend into the dark ages with the die off as too many people rely on components created by others.

    If meritocracy people think they will live, I have a few questions for them:

    Can you fix your equipment if it breaks or even fabricate parts for it from a blueprint?

    Can you grow food or properly manage livestock? Gardening won’t cut it, you need bulk grains to provide the high energy you need in the absence of meat.

    Can you properly mine, process, and smith metals?

    Do you know what herbs are medicinal and how to properly process and use them?

    If you answer no to all of the above or even one, you are fucked and going to die if you don’t have the people with the above knowledge on your side.

    Now my family owns a ranch. I can ride a horse, I even practice medieval jousting and horse archery for sport. My stepdad is a machinist and my dad is a carpenter. I have medical training as a Paramedic. My brother is a butcher. His wife and my wife can sew and so can my mother, outside of my work uniform, they make all our clothes.

    My sister is manager for a dog food company, her husband is a handyman.

    We have a good circle of friends with various skills, and if shit goes down, we have a plan to form up around our family ranches and farms, and let the cities burn while we secure the Military Posts and remove or destroy the weapons there before others grab them. We won’t turn people away, but they do have to pitch in if they shelter with us. Our goal is to have a coherent front with enough firepower to deter the warlords and either kill or drive them off till we’re strong enough to expand outwards.

    Make no mistake though, collapse means warfare as all the various drug gangs and militias will no longer be constrained by the US Military which will disintegrate once the pay stops and they can no longer feel the government can protect their families.

    Even if the US Military stays coherent, it can’t realistically hold down the entire country if it descends into chaos and the police forces fade away.

  19. different clue

    @ anon y’mouse,

    About composting one’s own humanure . . . there is a book about that. An on-line version is available:
    condensed version: https://humanurehandbook.com/downloads/humanure_instruction_manual.pdf

    long version in a simulated turn-the-pages form:
    https://archive.org/details/HumanureHandbook

    Most of us don’t have/ won’t have what Tom has. But some of most of us do live in suburbs or semiburbs. That means we can do some things. Since the basic unit of human social organization has long been the band or the village, survival-minded people might find eachother and form semi-villages in their suburban and semiburban settings. That way every member of the band or village could help eachother jointly co-survive by sharing the benefits of eachothers’ skillsets with eachother. And such semi-village club-groups of people could make what they are doing passively visible in plain sight for just in case some onlookers want to join the co-survival village-club.

    About high energy-dense food for the absence of meat and animal fat . . . some grains can be grown in small garden-sized or front-yard lawn-sized patches. Which gets back to the Painted Mountain corn referenced above. One need not be a corporate megafarmer to grow a family dose-load of survival corn. Gene Logsdon wrote a book about this called Small Scale Grain Raising. Others have also written on this subject.
    https://www.chelseagreen.com/product/small-scale-grain-raising/

    And one can get/grow high energy survival bulk-staple food from some kinds of trees. Akiva Silver has written a book about this called Trees Of Power.
    http://www.twisted-tree.net/books/trees-of-power

    How to grow a bare minimum and truly boring survival diet on 1,000 square feet of garden space:
    https://permies.com/t/17401/Circle-book-Dave-Duhon-discuss

    About the prepper problem . . . Wise old Survivalist elder Kurt Saxon wrote about the version of preppers extant during his younger days in the essay The Idiocy Of Space Capsule Survivalism
    https://www.survivalplus.com/the-idiocy-of-space-capsule-survivalism/

  20. anon

    I live in Hawaii and a co-worker has talked about leaving the state before the worst happens here. We are one of the most isolated land masses in the world with an already astronomical high cost of living. If disaster were to strike here, or to an area that is one of our major food supply chains, a lot of people already barely living paycheck to paycheck will die. My co-worker has a newborn and he is concern about the future his child will have in Hawaii. Most island states and nations are run by incompetent and corrupt leaders, and I doubt most have strategic plans in place except for the Japanese, who have experience dealing with powerful earthquakes. I’ve also thought about moving to another state that isn’t as vulnerable to natural disasters and where I can have a larger house to prepare and store for emergencies. Those who don’t take climate change and more severe weather disasters seriously will be the first to die.

  21. Ché Pasa

    Compare media disinterest in slow motion climate catastrophism with the media fixation on this season’s climbers dropping dead in the effort to ‘summit’ Everest. That’s where priorities lie, isn’t it? I heard an observation on one report claiming these were ‘unprepared middle class climbers’ who really didn’t know what they were getting into (unlike their Betters) and who couldn’t afford to ‘summit’ properly anyway. Tant pis for them I guess.

    A metaphor, perhaps, for the global existential crisis some of us are living through. Others aren’t living through it, are they? If it’s not the hundreds of thousands wiped out in various storms and endless other calamities and wars and whatnot, it’s bound to be something else. They’re dying in droves so we’re told, dying from despair. Aided by opioids and alcohol and easily available firearms. But then hundreds of thousands in the US are sent to their graves every year from medical ‘mistakes’ — some of which are likely deliberate. Message: if you’re socially pleasing and well enough connected and you can afford to survive (‘summit’) you will. Otherwise, tant pis pour toi.

    That’s where we’ve been for quite a while. Nothing seems to change it. The determined worthy do just fine, no matter what else transpires. The rest of us poor devils? Oh well! Too bad for you!

  22. Tom

    @ different clue

    You glossed over the caveats of what you linked and the person writing it also glossed over caveats.

    You’re average plot in a suburb isn’t likely near adequate water which needs to be brought to it. In a collapse, the water and sewer mains will go down. I know how to channel water from the streams and creeks around our ranch, it is labor intensive, especially when we did flood control 10 years back to keep the Ranch from flooding excessively from the high rainfall.

    Now factor in weather, widespread violence, soil suitability and pollutants it might have, etc.

    When you crunch the numbers most gardeners taking the advice you linked are going to die. They don’t have enough soil, water, and security to weather environmental losses, especially if they don’t have access to water and sewage control which means pests will eat their harvests and disease will be rampant. That is before you factor in fires, droughts, roving gangs, etc.

    Cities and Suburbs are death traps in a collapse, only the most ruthless will survive the feeding frenzy, so your best bet is to high tail it to the country and hope a community will take you in or join the most ruthless gang in the city and hope you get a good enough cut in resources to live on.

  23. scruff

    It seems to me that the best – by which I mean most violence avoidant – way to live after collapse is as a hunter-gatherer in the least desirable landscapes around. That’s typically how most HG tribes survived the expansion of agricultural societies which both outnumbered them and were more capable of violence due to having better weapon-producing infrastructure. I’m not convinced the idea of wandering pirate-gangs is based in reality; such efforts require reliable energy sources to be able to maintain, such as the Viking raiders whose homelands grew crops to feed them so that they could go on speculative wealth-hunts. Of course, even if they’re not viable long-term, it doesn’t mean that people won’t try it. So again, the best way of avoiding that kind of interaction would be to be ready willing and able to move away from them into a place they’re unlikely to follow because they don’t know how to survive in it. I may be biased, of course.

  24. different clue

    @Tom,

    These are all good things to consider. Some few of us may be able to flee to the Deep Country. The rest will have to do something or do nothing where we are.

    People who start preparing in place starting now may be prepared for some of your caveats if their own near surroundings break down to that level.

    I live in the high-ish rainfall/snowfall Midwest. So my thinking is limited to that situation which is what I know. If the Great Lakestan area remains semi/sub-humid, then people who have real houses and who have taken the time to install roof-water collecting systems can store several thousand gallons of roofwater for personal and family use. If such people have also set up their own in-house humanure compoo system, and then have a for-sure way to sterilize the compoo when they dig it out of the humanure gathering toilet, then they won’t be sujecting themselves to their own diseases, at least.

    Some yards are smaller than others. The smaller the yard, the stronger the “not enough land” caveat which you cite. I currently live in a not-nearly-enough-land situation in a co-op townhouse dwelling unit in the semiburbs. But when I was young, our family lived in a real suburban house on a quarter-acre lot. A large portion of bare-minimum survival subsistence could be grown on half of that quarter-acre lot. Maybe all of it. And some people are in that lucky situation.

    About pests/diseases of crop plants: a sufficient amount of literature on the theory and practice of creating high multi-mineral high-bioactivity soil exists to where people can read it and apply it over the pre-collapse years to come, if they are motivated enough to do so. Deer PROOF and rodent PROOF fences can be installed between now and collapse. Nutrient deficient plants grown on mineral and bio-activity deficient soils will be physiologically deranged. They will produce the kinds of heat and volatile-chemical-offgassing signatures which many insects are adapted to detect and home in on. And then eat the sick plants involved. In my little garden I have had near-zero insect pest problems year after year after year. Healthy plants are stealthy plants and can passively hide in plain sight from the insect “pests” who never even detect them. Most of these insect “pests” are better thought of as “plant vultures” who are attracted to plants which are already are sick or dead-on-their roots. Dead plants standing.

    For example, I have been amateurishly growing a SoutherMountain type of heirloom corn called Hickory Cane. One year some of the plants got just sick enough that a few aphids appeared on the fast-rising tassel stalk. After about 10 days, they disappeared. Otherwise, no aphids never. The only insect annoyance I had on my corn was Japanese beetles, who love to chew holes in the leaves and bite off the cornsilks. If the Japanese beetles reach annoying numbers ( every few years), I inspect the garden in the cool morning when the Japanese beetles are somewhat inactive from the morning cool. I put a few drops of oil on each one to cover-plug their breathing holes and smother them to death. I use olive oil because I want them to die happy.

    The one really bad pest I had in my corn was squirrels. One year by accident I discovered the squirrels liked maturing sunflower seeds more than they liked maturing corn kernels. So sunflowers were a good decoy crop for the squirrels. After a couple of years new generations of squirrels knew nothing about corn.

    Of course, that would not apply to a locust plague. I have no plans for that, not even theoretical.

    About the fellow-humans menace, I again have no answers. Maybe my neighbors will all be heavily-enough gunned-up and they will value my presence enough that I will survive within their wall of loaded guns. Maybe whole regions of America will maintain some social order within their own areas. Or maybe not.

    In the end, only Darwin knows who will live and who will die. We do what we can. Let Darwin decide.

  25. different clue

    Here is a website representing the collective effort of many edible fruit/nut-bearing tree spotters to upload onto this website their information on where various edible food trees are growing . It is so simple and user friendly that even I was able to figure out how to use it.

    Learning to use it to find and understand these trees could be part of aquiring some benign non-malignant survival knowledge. It is worth studying before the internet goes extinct.
    https://fallingfruit.org/

  26. Kloppy

    \”composting (of yes, even human waste is supposedly possible)\”

    I did it for several months on my rural property a while back, just as an experiment, and it was very easy, and almost cost free. Also produces some el primo fertiliser/soil conditioner.

    Need to locate the composting site well, and know what you are doing.

    But definitely doable, if you have a site for it.

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