The null hypothesis is that any difference found between the two objects being studied is a result of a combination of sampling bias, experimental error or random chance. This why hypothesis are not only retested but tests are supposed to be done to reject the null hypothesis.
Hypothetically suppose a long term retrospective study is done comparing people diagnosed with deadly condition X who took medication A versus people who didn’t.
Those taking the medication had 50% better outcomes. The study adjusted the results for various health conditions.
You could say this supports the hypothesis that medication A improves outcomes.
Likewise, another hypothesis is that those who adhere to a treatment have better outcomes regardless of treatment effects. The very trait of adherence is all by itself associated with better outcomes.
The study is not of those taking the drugs and those not taking them. It is of those who adhered to taking them versus those who didn’t.
In order to determine if this study fails to reject the null hypothesis or supports the medication causing benefit you’d need to test
this. The adherence effect is often interchanged with the healthy user bias.
This effect/bias has been studied by comparing different outcome a tween those who adhere to placebo verses those who do not.
For those with heart disease poor adherence to placebo was associated with a 2.25 times increase in all cause mortality.
In a randomized study high adherence to placebo was associated with half the risk of a hip fracture and around 1/3 less risk of all cause mortality after adjusting for confounders.
Higher placebo adherence was associated with improved survival
Those adhering to placebo had almost 50% lower chances of dying compared to those who did not adhere to placebo. Adjustment for confounders had minimal effect on the results.
I cannot speak for Oakchair, but these results on adherence to placebo are startling and strongly suggest omitted variables. Omitted variables can have profound effects on regression analysis.
I am strongly suspicious of regression analysis as a method of investigation or for the testing of hypotheses. It is just too weak of a method. So, maybe I am prejudiced in Oakchair’s favor and more readily think I see his skeptical point.
I have used open threads before to lay down markers on progress in the Ukraine War. So, I wanted to note now that I have seen in the battlefield reports over the last month or so, what I think is a marked turning point. Russian tactics appear to have improved in ways that support a systematic Russian offensive battlefield strategy — the Russians are moving with remarkable economy of infantry force to outflank Ukrainian towns and fortifications, again and again cutting Ukrainian logistical support. Ukrainian losses of men certainly and probably material in these confrontations appear to be a multiple of Russian losses, which is not usually what is expected for offensive v defensive operations. The front is getting much longer as well as the Russians press on the border regions to the north and east and also prepare to threaten eventual crossings of the lower Dneiper. I have seen credible estimates of 750,000 Russian combat troops in Ukraine facing less than 300,000 very tired Ukrainians.
The Washington Post reports “Russia’s military edge weakens” as it blames Trump for going soft on Putin.
In half of the main side-of-house bed, 30 ft X 5 ft in size, the garlic I planted last pre-winter came up and is growing. Seven kinds of garlic divided into separated little blocks, and a little map made to tell me which is which.
In the other half, I have finished my deep diggnmix. Create a working hole, then dig soil from the leading edge of the hole and put it at the trailing edge of the hole, mixing as I go. So now I have a 3 foot deep layer of mixed subby-topsoil. And the heavy clay under-subsoil under that is forked loose about a foot deep and gypsum mixed into the forked up clay-base to replace sodium ions on the clay particles with calcium ions, hopefully letting the loosened kicked-off sodium ions drift further downward and away with downsoaking and sidesoaking water from above. Calciumized clay particles allow for clay particles sticking to eachother more loosely, allowing for fluffing and loosening over time. In my strictly amateur layman’s understanding.
Haven’t planted anything on that half yet. Several weeks ago the Neat Police from my co-op looked at my precious treasures in my backyard and the little hidey-hole I made in part of the brushy woods, and called them “trash and debris” which I must “clean up”. So I have had to take time from gardening to “clean up” the “trash and debris”.
In the front half-oval ornamental bed, I must have planted some garlic several years ago, because garlic keeps coming up every year now. Starting last year and continuing this year, I have been pulling up some of the green garlic plants to favor the remaining ones I want to favor and to eat the ones I pull up. ( Starting last year I have been seeing ‘green garlic’ being sold in various markets. So the concept is ratified by fringes of the artisan-market system). So far this year I have pulled up and eaten about a hundred green garlics. I expect to pull and eat 150 more over the next few weeks, and then I will be down to the feral garlic plants I want to leave in place to keep growing till harvest.
The two wild raspberry patches near where I live that I have been tending look like they are growing well and are setting many flower buds.
Hello different clue. Thanks for your garden report. Enjoy the garlic greens. They’re anti inflammatory and a tasty alkaline forming food with diverse applications.
Also those soon to ripen from blossoms raspberries are a fleeting early summer garden treat. Gorge on the richness.
Hey, beauty in a world on fire . . .
Oh boy. Even most of the co-ops are captured. I noticed this when I worked at the Rutland Co-op in Vermont. Rutland isn’t Middlebury…but I fear it wants to be.
‘The two wild raspberry patches near where I live that I have been tending look like they are growing well and are setting many flower buds.’
Tending to ‘the wild’ seems dirty and hippie-ish, different clue. Why not spend your time more constructively…say, by building a lush green lawn? (sarc)
I am glad that my occasional garden reports are interesting some people. I hope that if other people are doing some kind of gardening, that they too might start offering reports; especially if they contain interesting ideas acted upon to see what happens.
@mago,
Thanks for the green-medicine information on what garlic greens can do.
@miss jennings,
Even with the Neat Police, the co-op lets me pay for less and get more than would otherwise be possible here in College Townville. I just hope I can keep the Neat Police happy without sacrificing every last thing. A complication is this: our co-op leadership has for some time set aside a number of the dwelling units for Section 8 people, which allows Section 8 people an otherwise unavailable opportunity to be able to live in a nice small place. The downside is that accepting Section 8 members allows HUD to send its own Neat Police around to inspect all the units, and some years they have been very nasty. ( I wonder how much of our own Neat Police vigilance is pre-emptive pandering to the HUD Neat Police).
A lot of this microplastic will be utterly unavoidable. It is/ will be just like background radiation or the ever rising rate of background glyphosate in, on and over everything.
But some of it can be avoided. If you grow your own food, the plastic you don’t use in your operation will be the extra-added-plastic which at least you don’t further dose yourself above background plastic levels.
Doing something might be better than doing nothing at all. Better enough to matter?
I don’t know.
Here is an ‘ask reddit’ entry titled: ” What is a ‘poor people’ habit you’ll never stop doing, no matter how rich you get?” Some of the replies are interesting, creative and things I never thought of. Good for those who want to satisfice between doing their little bit to shrink the economy in order to inflict pain on all the right people, and still living a tolerably okay life. https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1l09ew9/what_is_a_poor_people_habit_youll_never_stop/
Oakchair
The null hypothesis is that any difference found between the two objects being studied is a result of a combination of sampling bias, experimental error or random chance. This why hypothesis are not only retested but tests are supposed to be done to reject the null hypothesis.
Hypothetically suppose a long term retrospective study is done comparing people diagnosed with deadly condition X who took medication A versus people who didn’t.
Those taking the medication had 50% better outcomes. The study adjusted the results for various health conditions.
You could say this supports the hypothesis that medication A improves outcomes.
Likewise, another hypothesis is that those who adhere to a treatment have better outcomes regardless of treatment effects. The very trait of adherence is all by itself associated with better outcomes.
The study is not of those taking the drugs and those not taking them. It is of those who adhered to taking them versus those who didn’t.
In order to determine if this study fails to reject the null hypothesis or supports the medication causing benefit you’d need to test
this. The adherence effect is often interchanged with the healthy user bias.
This effect/bias has been studied by comparing different outcome a tween those who adhere to placebo verses those who do not.
For those with heart disease poor adherence to placebo was associated with a 2.25 times increase in all cause mortality.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10443767/
In a randomized study high adherence to placebo was associated with half the risk of a hip fracture and around 1/3 less risk of all cause mortality after adjusting for confounders.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217207/
Higher placebo adherence was associated with improved survival
Those adhering to placebo had almost 50% lower chances of dying compared to those who did not adhere to placebo. Adjustment for confounders had minimal effect on the results.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-010-1477-8
These results could not be accounted for by any known variable.
Jorge
China’s greatest advantage in competing against the US is that they do not start, and lose, lots of wars.
B
Uh Oakchair, I’m not sure what you’re getting at but I dont believe the papers you cite say what you think they say.
bruce wilder
I cannot speak for Oakchair, but these results on adherence to placebo are startling and strongly suggest omitted variables. Omitted variables can have profound effects on regression analysis.
I am strongly suspicious of regression analysis as a method of investigation or for the testing of hypotheses. It is just too weak of a method. So, maybe I am prejudiced in Oakchair’s favor and more readily think I see his skeptical point.
bruce wilder
I have used open threads before to lay down markers on progress in the Ukraine War. So, I wanted to note now that I have seen in the battlefield reports over the last month or so, what I think is a marked turning point. Russian tactics appear to have improved in ways that support a systematic Russian offensive battlefield strategy — the Russians are moving with remarkable economy of infantry force to outflank Ukrainian towns and fortifications, again and again cutting Ukrainian logistical support. Ukrainian losses of men certainly and probably material in these confrontations appear to be a multiple of Russian losses, which is not usually what is expected for offensive v defensive operations. The front is getting much longer as well as the Russians press on the border regions to the north and east and also prepare to threaten eventual crossings of the lower Dneiper. I have seen credible estimates of 750,000 Russian combat troops in Ukraine facing less than 300,000 very tired Ukrainians.
The Washington Post reports “Russia’s military edge weakens” as it blames Trump for going soft on Putin.
different clue
Little garden report . . . .
In half of the main side-of-house bed, 30 ft X 5 ft in size, the garlic I planted last pre-winter came up and is growing. Seven kinds of garlic divided into separated little blocks, and a little map made to tell me which is which.
In the other half, I have finished my deep diggnmix. Create a working hole, then dig soil from the leading edge of the hole and put it at the trailing edge of the hole, mixing as I go. So now I have a 3 foot deep layer of mixed subby-topsoil. And the heavy clay under-subsoil under that is forked loose about a foot deep and gypsum mixed into the forked up clay-base to replace sodium ions on the clay particles with calcium ions, hopefully letting the loosened kicked-off sodium ions drift further downward and away with downsoaking and sidesoaking water from above. Calciumized clay particles allow for clay particles sticking to eachother more loosely, allowing for fluffing and loosening over time. In my strictly amateur layman’s understanding.
Haven’t planted anything on that half yet. Several weeks ago the Neat Police from my co-op looked at my precious treasures in my backyard and the little hidey-hole I made in part of the brushy woods, and called them “trash and debris” which I must “clean up”. So I have had to take time from gardening to “clean up” the “trash and debris”.
In the front half-oval ornamental bed, I must have planted some garlic several years ago, because garlic keeps coming up every year now. Starting last year and continuing this year, I have been pulling up some of the green garlic plants to favor the remaining ones I want to favor and to eat the ones I pull up. ( Starting last year I have been seeing ‘green garlic’ being sold in various markets. So the concept is ratified by fringes of the artisan-market system). So far this year I have pulled up and eaten about a hundred green garlics. I expect to pull and eat 150 more over the next few weeks, and then I will be down to the feral garlic plants I want to leave in place to keep growing till harvest.
The two wild raspberry patches near where I live that I have been tending look like they are growing well and are setting many flower buds.
mago
Hello different clue. Thanks for your garden report. Enjoy the garlic greens. They’re anti inflammatory and a tasty alkaline forming food with diverse applications.
Also those soon to ripen from blossoms raspberries are a fleeting early summer garden treat. Gorge on the richness.
Hey, beauty in a world on fire . . .
someofparts
Well the southeast will be getting good soaking rains for the next couple of days, so good news for gardens!
miss jennings
‘the Neat Police from my co-op’
Oh boy. Even most of the co-ops are captured. I noticed this when I worked at the Rutland Co-op in Vermont. Rutland isn’t Middlebury…but I fear it wants to be.
‘The two wild raspberry patches near where I live that I have been tending look like they are growing well and are setting many flower buds.’
Tending to ‘the wild’ seems dirty and hippie-ish, different clue. Why not spend your time more constructively…say, by building a lush green lawn? (sarc)
Thank you for your report!
different clue
I am glad that my occasional garden reports are interesting some people. I hope that if other people are doing some kind of gardening, that they too might start offering reports; especially if they contain interesting ideas acted upon to see what happens.
@mago,
Thanks for the green-medicine information on what garlic greens can do.
@miss jennings,
Even with the Neat Police, the co-op lets me pay for less and get more than would otherwise be possible here in College Townville. I just hope I can keep the Neat Police happy without sacrificing every last thing. A complication is this: our co-op leadership has for some time set aside a number of the dwelling units for Section 8 people, which allows Section 8 people an otherwise unavailable opportunity to be able to live in a nice small place. The downside is that accepting Section 8 members allows HUD to send its own Neat Police around to inspect all the units, and some years they have been very nasty. ( I wonder how much of our own Neat Police vigilance is pre-emptive pandering to the HUD Neat Police).
different clue
Here is an article called: ” Microplastics are ‘silently spreading from soil to salad to humans’. ”
Here is the link.
https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/scientists-say-microplastics-are-silently-spreading-from-soil-to-salad-to-humans
A lot of this microplastic will be utterly unavoidable. It is/ will be just like background radiation or the ever rising rate of background glyphosate in, on and over everything.
But some of it can be avoided. If you grow your own food, the plastic you don’t use in your operation will be the extra-added-plastic which at least you don’t further dose yourself above background plastic levels.
Doing something might be better than doing nothing at all. Better enough to matter?
I don’t know.
different clue
Header: ways people save on money and stuff . . .
Here is an ‘ask reddit’ entry titled: ” What is a ‘poor people’ habit you’ll never stop doing, no matter how rich you get?” Some of the replies are interesting, creative and things I never thought of. Good for those who want to satisfice between doing their little bit to shrink the economy in order to inflict pain on all the right people, and still living a tolerably okay life.
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1l09ew9/what_is_a_poor_people_habit_youll_never_stop/